HALF-FORMAT LEICA AND LEICA 72
Prototypes
Prototypes from 1940
There were 2 prototypes cameras capable of shooting more than 36 exposures per roll of 36-exposure film in 1940: Leica camera for 52 exposures and 72 exposures573:
- In his "Geburtstage der Leitz-Foto-Konstruktionen ab 1927" book, Wilhelm Albert dated the "birthday" of the Leica camera for 52 exposures (24.4 x 23.3) per roll of 36-exposure film ("Leica für 52 Aufnahmen (24,4 x 23,3) mit Sucher") as June 25, 1940, and noted himself as designer573. The camera featured a specially designed viewfinder364.
- In his "Geburtstage der Leitz-Foto-Konstruktionen ab 1927" book, Wilhelm Albert dated the "birthday" of the Leica camera for 72 exposures (18.6 x 24.8) per roll of 36-exposure film ("Leica für 72 Aufnahmen (18,6 x 24,8) mit Sucher") as October 15, 1940, and noted himself as designer573. The camera featured a specially designed viewfinder364.
Prototypes from late 1940s
Another interesting half-frame prototype appeared at Lot 35 of Christie's auction on July 27, 1989534. According to the catalog, this camera was designed by Helmut Schäfer, who had previously worked on the Null-Serie Leica cameras534. It featured an internal Compur-type shutter, with a tensioning knob mounted on the top plate, positioned concentrically with a later Wetzlar Leica mask and a Leica IIIf Red Dial534. The camera also included an upright format viewfinder and an accessory shoe534. The shutter speed dial was located at the front near the base plate, engraved with "Helmut Schäfer Wetzlar."534 The body was covered in red-painted vulcanite534. This camera was assembled using parts from the Leica Standard and came to auction with two Elmar lenses, featuring 5 cm and 3.5 cm focal lengths534. It was believed to have been made around 1945 or 1946534. The camera was sold to a collector in the salesroom who paid 11550 pounds for it (see Viewfinder, Volume 22, Number 4, 1989, page 13). Later, the same camera was sold for 54000 Euros including buyer's premium at the 32nd Leitz Photographica Auction on March 10, 2018391. It was described as "Unique small size camera made by Leitz engineers with internally mounted Compur-type leaf shutter, 80-exposure counter dial, front mounted shutter speed dial, half-frame viewfinder, red painted vulcanite, baseplate engraved 'Helmut Schäfer Wetzlar', modified Elmar 3.5/3.5cm no.643423 - ex Christie's auction July 1989 (the catalogue shows a photographer using this camera c.1948), the camera is also on the cover of the LHSA Viewfinder magazine Vol. 22 No.4 1989"391.
Another interesting camera, without serial number, dated circa 1947-1950 and coming from Wilhelm Schäfer's estate, was expected to be auctioned off at the 8th Wetzlar Camera Auctions on October 10, 2026597. This camera was described as "Experimental Leica camera with a 24x24 mm image format, central shutter and a fixed Leitz Elmar 5 cm f/3.5 lens. This prototype, dating from the early post-war period, is thought to be linked to Leitz’s plans at the time to offer an affordable entry-level model. The camera has no built-in rangefinder; the standard Leitz HFOOK clip-on rangefinder (included) could be attached. It comes with a prototype of a matching Leitz carrying case, lined with burgundy velvet on the inside..." in the auction catalogue597.
Prototypes from 1952
Leica Box
The Leica Box from the 1952559 was a compact half-frame camera featuring a 28mm f/5.6 Summaron lens, a shutter speed dial integrated into the top plate, and a viewfinder located beneath the top plate534. Leica Box was designed as an 18 x 24 mm camera for amateur photographers and featured an adjustable viewfinder along with interchangeable lenses559. The viewfinder settings accommodated the angles of view for 28 mm, 35 mm, and 50 mm lenses559. However, for the purposes of that feasibility study, the lenses used were standard systems from the regular Leica rangefinder camera lineup559.
Despite its technical and design merits, the term "Leica Box" represented an internal contradiction when it came to producing quality images, much like the concept of "popular polls."559 Ultimately, wiser decisions prevailed, and the Leica Box faded from the market, remaining only as a model in a curiosity showcase559.
There were 2 Leica Box cameras:
- Non-functional design study preserved in the Leica Museum / Leica Camera Archive605. This camera was fitted with a Summaron 5.6/2.8 cm605. It was illustrated on page 140 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. 3 photographs illustrating the camera from all sides were featured on page 38 of "Leica. Tsushin No. 6: Mechanism and Prototype" magazine in 2002570. There, the camera was described as having film counter (marked "0-21"), finder eyepiece window, switch to adjust the viewfinder field of view (28mm, 35mm, 50mm), shutter speed dial 1/5 to 1/500 of a second, and a release button570. It was illustrated in Mr. Lars Netopil's "Museum Leica" book in 2018596.
- Prototype number 000.01 was a functional camera605. It illustrated on page 389 of Mr. Lars Netopil's "Prototyp Leica" book. It was later was auctioned off at the 49th Leitz Photographica Auction on November 28, 2026605. The lot was described as "An exceptionally rare Leica BOX prototype from the mid-1950s, developed as a compact 18 × 24 mm half-frame camera using 35 mm film with the Agfa KARAT cassette system. Measuring approximately 100 × 64 × 48 mm, it was conceived as an extremely compact alternative within the Leica system. The camera features a solid metal body with chrome finish and black vulcanite covering. Its construction and external design follow the contemporary Leica M series rather than the earlier screw-mount cameras. The camera is fully operational, with a correctly functioning shutter and clean, clear optics. It is fitted with a fixed Leitz Summaron 3.5 cm lens. The lens flange also serves as the release mechanism for the removable base plate, an unusual construction detail specific to this prototype."605.
The Willi Schmidt Project of 1952
Betriebsk. Nr.301
The design of the Leica 72 camera resulted from the 1952360 project led by Willi Schmidt360. In his "Geburtstage der Leitz-Foto-Konstruktionen ab 1927" book, Wilhelm Albert dated the "birthday" of the "camera IIIa for 72 exposures with built-in viewfinder 18x24" ("Kamera IIIa für 72 Aufnahmen mit Eingebautem Spiegelsucher 18 x 24") as May 14, 1952, and noted Willi Schmidt as designer573.
Page 149 of the same book provided an illustration for the camera573. The camera illustrated camera was engraved Betriebsk. Nr.301573. Author of this website noted the built-in half-frame cylindrical brightline viewfinder. The camera also featured a flash sync contact, which was not present in the Leica IIIa, that served as a basis for this camera570. The camera was engraved with neither "Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany" nor "Ernst Leitz Canada Limited Midland Ontario"540. There was no "18x24" engraving540.
At some point in time, the camera was in the factory museum in Wetzlar360.
It was also published on the pages of books and magazines:
- on page 81 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540
- 5 photographs illustrating the camera from all sides were featured on page 36 of "Leica. Tsushin No. 6: Mechanism and Prototype" magazine in 2002570
- on the page 82 of the Dennis Laney's "Leica Collector's Guide" (2nd edition)534.
Others
The Schmidt project of 1952 only mentioned Leica IIIa Model G cameras360. The author of this website believed that the following cameras were part of the project:
- Group 1 - Only two Wetzlar made Leica 72 based on IIIa Model G chassis cameras of from this group were known to exist167. The cameras were lacking the "18x24" engraving, lacking flash synchronization, and featuring a swing-over mask167. Group 1 cameras could be considered the prototypes of the Wetzlar Leica 72 based on Leica IIIa chassis and the Midland, Ontario, Leica 72, based on Leica IIIa chassis167.
- Group 2 - The camera of this type was a Wetzlar made Leica 72 based on IIIa Model G chassis marked with "18x24", lacking flash synchronization, and included a swing-over half-frame mask167. One specific camera of this type had the serial number 357187167. No entry in factory shipping records of this camera existed167.
Although the Schmidt project of 1954 only mentioned IIIa Model G cameras, the initial experimentation for the Leica 72 was conducted using Leica IIIc models as well360. Three examples of such cameras were recorded: 397604, 397605, 397606:
- Prototype camera number 397604, dated 1945, was Wetzlar Leica 72, based on a Leica IIIc chassis421. This camera lacked any special markings on the top plate, and there was no indication of the 18 × 24 format360. It had a unique 18×24mm shutter crate360. Its sprocket drum differed from that of other models, as it advanced less film than usually required for a standard 24×36mm exposure360. The frame counter featured the usual black markings of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and extra red markings at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75360. The frame counter disc was similar to that of late Leica 72 cameras360. The chrome swinging mask of this variant was designed rather crudely, resembling the swinging mask of the Leica I Model C interchangeable model from 1932360. There was no reference to the serial number 397604 in the Hahne list360. It was illustrated on the page 77 of the Dennis Laney's "Leica Collector's Guide" (2nd edition)534 and page 81 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. The photograph showed a camera built-on Leica IIIc chassis with a frame counter that went up to 75540. The camera was engraved "Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany"540. There was no "18x24" engraving540. According to James L. Lager, this camera had 18x24 film gate but no viewfinder mask540.
- Prototype camera number 397605, dated 1945, was Wetzlar Leica 72, based on a Leica IIIc chassis421. There was no reference to the serial number 397605 in the Hahne list360. The specific camera to which number 397605 was allocated was unknown in 1980s360. The camera was discovered in early 2000s. In 2003, it was sold for 35000 Euros including buyer's premium at the 2nd-3rd WestLicht Camera Auction421. The lot was described as "18x24mm, filmcounter 1-75, frame-mask for 18x24mm inside the viewfinder, halframe prototype based on a Leica IIIc, produced around 1945. The camera war recently discovered and is one of three examples manufactured. Current research (backed up by photographs of the camera mechanism), by Leica expert Ottmar Michaely from Wetzlar, has uncovered documents relating to this important camera..."421. Later, it was sold for 48000 Euros including buyer's premium at the 48th Leitz Photographica Auction on June 13, 2026585. The camera was described as "an experimental prototype camera dating from 1946. The camera is equipped with a half-frame mask in the viewfinder and advances 72 half-format exposures (18×24 mm) on standard 35 mm film. According to the Leitz Factory Archive control book, the three cameras with serial numbers 397604–397605–397606 were recorded on 10 April 1946 under the code LOOHW (image format 18×24 mm) and handed over to the Albert Construction department. Based on current archival research, this camera can be regarded as one of the first half-frame 18×24 Leica cameras..."585.
- Prototype camera number 397606, dated 1945, was Wetzlar Leica 72, based on a Leica IIIc chassis421. There was no reference to the serial number 397606 in the Hahne list360. It was discussed on page 81 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. According to James L. Lager, this camera had 18x24 viewfinder mask540. In 1983, it was illustrated on the page 109 of Paul-Henry van Hasbroeck's "The Leica: A History Illustrating every Model and Accessory" book360 . In the photograph, it had a unique 35 f/2.8 18x24 Elmar lens360. It sold for 20700 Great British Pounds at the Christie's Auction on June 12, 1997. The mechanism of this camera was illustrated on page 71 of Gianni Rogliatti's "Leica, the first sixty years" book 421.
Leica H Prototype from 1954
This experiment was followed in late 1954 by another half-frame Leica, known as the Leica H model360. Despite its half-frame design, this model offered complete automatic exposure and was equipped with a pop-out lens on a drop front360.
Leica H Prototype from 1959
Another Leica H (Halbformat560) half-frame (albeit not engraved so) camera, which was developed around 1959, reached its final design stage and was ultimately owned by the Leitz family534. The same camera was auctioned off at 17th WestLicht Photographica Auction on May 29, 2010 with the following description: "Genius design of a 18x24mm half-frame camera by Leitz developer Adam Wagner, the concept was to built a camera that was still smaller, more convenient to use and simpler to operate. For some reasons this forward-looking camera with slide-out lens feature was never put in production, only approx. 3 prototypes are known to exist, this particular camera comes from the Leitz Museum and is illustrated in Lager I page 142"407.
This camera featured a built-in exposure meter and a coupled rangefinder, with the rangefinder image visible in the viewfinder534. It was equipped with a retractable f/2.8 lens534. When the lens was retracted, it was protected by a D-shaped cover that was hinged along its straight edge at the top534. In the taking position, the lens extended forward, and the cover projected above it534. The aperture setting was located on the back of the camera, while the fast and slow shutter speed dials were positioned on the front534.
The camera was illustrated on page 38 of "Leica. Tsushin No. 6: Mechanism and Prototype" magazine in 2002570. One could notice small viewfinder, aperture ring and large winding lever on the back of the camera570.
Other Prototypes and Known Cameras
Certain Leica 72 units were reportedly assembled using parts from the Leica IIIc and Leica IIIf models upon special request7. Each of these cameras were individually numbered, with identifiers like Nr. 1, Nr. 2, etc., engraved onto the top cover7. These were likely Betriebsk. units (author's note).
Some of the known other "72" cameras:
- Leica IIIg number Nr.008 engraved "18x24" was illustrated in Mr. Lars Netopil's "Rare Leica" book in 2014594. This camera lacked self-timer and had Midland engravings594.
- Camera number Betriebsk. Nr.204 was described on page 82 of the Dennis Laney's "Leica Collector's Guide" (2nd edition) book534. This camera captured an 18 x 24 mm image on a full 24 x 36 mm frame, leaving the other half blank for captions or other uses in a film strip534.
- Camera number 209 was illustrated on page 79 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. James L. Lager's research showed that this camera was built on the chassis of Leica III Model F540. Note that the serial number fell outside of the known range540. The camera was engraved "Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany"540. There was no "18x24" engraving540. The camera was illustrated in Mr. Lars Netopil's "Museum Leica" book in 2018, where it was described as "Leica IIIf half frame format camera, experimental"596.
- The camera with serial number Betriebsk. No 395 was part of Kenjiro Nakamura's collection in 1995 and was exhibited at the "History and Development of Imaging" exhibition at the Memorial Museum of the Machine Industry in the same year569. The photograph of the camera was featured on the pages of Camera Review No. 37 (Leica-Book '96), published by Asahi Sonorama (Tokyo) in 1996569.
- The camera number 257373 was illustrated on page 79 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. James L. Lager's research showed that this camera, built on the chassis of Leica III Model F, represented a special order540. This was probably why the serial number fell outside of the known range540. The camera was engraved "Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany", "18x24", "NO 257 373""540.
- The camera number 291153 was illustrated on page 80 of James L. Lager's "Leica: An Illustrated History - Volume 1 - Cameras - Signed Deluxe Limited Edition" book540. James L. Lager's research showed that this camera was converted from a 1938 Leica Standard Model E sometime in early 1950's by Leitz Wetzlar540. Note that the serial number fell outside of the known range540. The camera was engraved "Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany"540. There was no "18x24" engraving540. The camera featured swing-in 18x24 mask540.
Leica H Prototype from 1964
Another sample Leica H half-frame camera was developed in 1964560. Its design concept approved by Leitz management in 1959560. The prototype of the "H" camera was completed in 1964560. Adam Wagner extensively used it during a photography course led by Professor Krukenhauser in Arlberg560. This new camera was ahead of its time, featuring diaphragm automation and automatic exposure mode, which surpassed the existing technology560. Overall, the design development cost more than 1,000,000 Marks560. Adam Wagner received seven patents related to his H model, which were registered by Leitz both domestically and internationally560.
The year 1965 was critical for Leitz, as Japanese cameras emerged as serious competitors in the U.S. and around the world560. The economic challenges of producing an 18x24 mm camera, along with the "M" and Leicaflex models, overwhelmed Leitz's capabilities560. While Wild provided investment capital to help, management ultimately decided against producing the H camera—a project that Adam Wagner and his team had worked on diligently for many years560. This decision demoralized Adam Wagner to the extent that he resigned from Leitz after 32 years of service560.
Leica 110 Prototype from 1972-1974
In early 1972, when the 13 x 18 mm pocket cartridge started to generate significant sales for Kodak, Leica's Wetzlar division took a keen interest559. They developed the Leica 110 through several stages, beginning with an all-metal super-precision camera featuring a 1:1 scale brilliant-frame finder and an f/2 top-quality lens559. Ultimately, the Leica 110 was prepared for production as a plastic-bodied camera that included a coupled rangefinder, aperture-priority exposure automation, and, as was standard in 1974, a flash cube fitting559.
However, about a month before Photokina 1974, Leitz decided to abandon the pocket Leica project and withdrew the 110 model559. Leitz provided two main reasons for this change in direction559. First, a re-evaluation of management policy coincided with the substantial shareholding acquired by Wild Heerbrugg from Switzerland559. Second, there were concerns about potential quality issues with enlargements from 13 x 18 mm negatives559. Although the image quality of the 26 mm Summicron f/2 lens was outstanding, Leitz's studies showed that truly sharp enlargements could only be achieved with specialized enlarger optics and lighting, not with the average automatic photofinishing printer559. Consequently, it seemed illogical to offer a high-precision pocket camera if most users would only be able to obtain low-definition prints from typical photofinishing services559.
3 photographs illustrating the camera were featured on page 39 of "Leica. Tsushin No. 6: Mechanism and Prototype" magazine in 2002570.
Design studies, operating specimen and the unit representing the final version of Leica 110 were illustrated in Mr. Lars Netopil's "Rare Leica" book in 2014594 and in Mr. Lars Netopil's "Museum Leica" book in 2018596.