LEICA IIIC
The Leica IIIc is often referred to as the "pedestal IIIc"60, "15er"60 or "fünfzehner," which means "number 15" in German, derived from the last two digits of its official model number (42215)360. The Leica IIIc was introduced in September 1939364 and produced from 1940, during the wartime, until 1951360. While the external controls of the Leica IIIc are quite similar to those of the Leica IIIb, significant structural and technical improvements have been made internally364.
Prototype
It was first reported on May 11, 1933 that Wilhelm Albert developed the first injection-molded die-cast prototype of Leica IIIc with two cassettes, rewind crank, removable back, film pressure lever, twin-view/combined viewfinder and rangefinder, shutter release and film advance364. The author of this website believes that this prototype was the exact one that was sold at the Wetzlar Camera Auctions on October 12, 2024 for 562500 Euro including buyer's premium. The auction house described this prototype as "First Die-Cast Camera (1933/34). While Oskar Barnack was still alive, the first considerations for a completely new design of the Leica camera, with a die-cast shutter crate, were made. The camera offered here is considered to be the UR-model of all later Leica cameras of this type - both the Leica IIIc introduced 1939 and its successor models, as well as the Leica IV completed in 1936. Extremely striking features of this camera are that it is the first one to have a rear door that opens upwards, as well as a fold-out rewind crank - details that were not introduced commercially until the Leica M3 (1954) and M4 (1967). "
Finishes
Between 1942 and 1944, Germany experienced a shortage of chrome360. As a result, the Leica IIIc cameras were produced with a grey-blue enamel finish and chrome fittings360. The shutter release guard was typically made of alloy360. These cameras are often inaccurately referred to as 'Luftwaffen' Leicas360. It’s important to note that not all IIIc cameras from this period were finished in grey-blue enamel360. Willy Hahn estimated that there were 3415 grey cameras produced, with serial numbers ranging from 387201 (in 1942) to 391699 (in 1944)360.
It is known that some grey Leicas were refinished in chrome after the war, either by members of the Allied forces who acquired them or by various dealers360. A smaller number were restored to their original appearance by collectors360. Genuine chromed Leica IIIc cameras from the 1942-1944 period appear to have a brighter finish than the standard model, and rare chromed IIIcK cameras from 1942 exhibit this characteristic as well360.
A variant of the Leica IIIc with a black finish is known to exist, but only one example (serial number 390426K) has been recorded to date360.
Technical Specifications
Leica IIIc body made pre-war is code-named LOOOA360.
Leica IIIc fitted with the 50mm f/2 Summitar lens is code-named LOOKX171.
Leica IIIc fitted with the 50mm f/3.5 Elmar lens is code-named LOOGI344.
Leica IIIc fitted with the 50mm f/2 Summitar lens is code-named LOOQA344.
Leica IIIc fitted with the 50mm f/1.5 Xenon lens is code-named LOOSB344.
Leica IIIc body made post-war is code-named LOOHW360.
For many years, the Leica IIIc was considered one of the least desirable screw mount cameras from a collector's perspective171. This perception stemmed from the understanding that the postwar Leica IIIc was produced in large quantities, coupled with the fact that many collectors found it less intriguing compared to other Leica models188. However, nowadays Leica IIIc cameras in collectible condition are fetching significantly higher prices171. The Leica IIIc cameras were not considered old enough to be of interest, and their lack of flash synchronization made them seem outdated and less practical188. The only exception to this perspective was the wartime versions of the Leica IIIc, which were produced in much smaller quantities and featured variations that made them significantly more intriguing than the postwar models188.
Base of the Camera
Leica IIIc was 2.8 mm longer than all earlier cameras (specifically, 3mm longer than Leica IIIb360), which made it incompatible with the SCNOO Rapid Winder, necessitating a redesigned rapid winding attachment33 with longer motor and longer basis360. Thus, IIIc could be equipped with either LEICAVIT-C baseplate winder, which features a folding trigger similar to that found on the later popular MP model, or the clockwork motor drive known as MOOLY-C347.
Shutter
Leica IIIc has a more efficient shutter than it's predecessors189. Leitz designed a highly effective drum brake which included adjustable internal shoes189 that smoothly stops the leading curtain at the end of its travel347. This brake enhances handholding stability, especially at the newly introduced intermediate shutter speeds of 1/20th, 1/15th, and 1/10th on the click-stopped front dial347. These shutter speeds are particularly useful in slightly poor lighting conditions, as earlier camera models had a gap between the speeds of 1/20th and 1/8th347. Also, as a result of these improvements, the slowest shutter speed on the new mechanism became 1/30 seconds, compared to the previous 1/20 seconds189. To sum it up, top shutter speed dial had speeds ranging from 1/1000 to 1/30 second and Z (Bulb), while the slow shutter speed dial had speeds ranging from 1/30 to 1 second and Time358.
In the Leica IIIc model, the old slow-speed escapement's ratchet pallet was automatically disengaged, allowing the wheels to run freely, which enabled quieter shutter speeds down to 1/10 seconds189. The ratchet pallet then engaged again for speeds of 1/4 seconds and slower189. If you hold a Leica IIIc or Leica IIIf to your ear, you can hear the difference between the ratcheted 1/4 second and the unratcheted 1/10 second189. The 1/10 second speed could be divided into 1/2, 1/15, and 1/10 by varying the input, while the slower speeds of 1/4, 1/2, and full second with the ratchet engaged retained their operational function189. As a result, the shutter was quieter and operated more smoothly, with no separate actions necessary to switch it into slow mode189. Photographers could reliably handheld wide-angle shots at a full 1/10 seconds, and many also utilized this slower speed with 50mm lenses189. Interestingly, the heavier the lens, the steadier the camera became189. Consequently, Leica photographers effectively gained a full stop of speed when handheld at 1/10 seconds in low light, compared to the previous limitation of 1/20 seconds189. This was particularly useful when the fastest black-and-white film of the time had an ISO rating of less than 80189.
In 1941, some cameras were experimentally fitted with new roller drivers to improve shutter operation364. The tests were successful, and from serial number 368801 onwards, all shutters received the new roller driver364.
Early wartime Leica IIIc cameras had click-stops but lacked a lock, allowing the dial to be easily nudged in either direction from the 1/20 mark189. However, later wartime models included a lock feature to prevent this problem189.
Ball Bearings
Leica IIIc was the first Leica to make use of multiple ball bearing races189 in the shutter100. Some experts believe that late wartime Leica IIIc cameras with serial numbers starting from 388926 have ball bearing shutters, while others argue that this feature began to be utilized with serial number 392000230. The postwar Leica IIIc and Leica IIIf Black Dial cameras featured only the upper kugellager, while the Leica IIIf Red Dial cameras and subsequent Leica IIIg series incorporated both sets of ball bearings230.
Shutter Blinds
The first 1576 cameras, with serial numbers ranging from 360175 to 362400, were produced up until October 1939 and featured black shutter blinds made in Germany360. Starting from serial number 362401, Leitz began using an existing supply of Kodak shutter-blind material, which was dyed red on one side360. This cloth had previously been used experimentally in the Leica III Model F and Leica IIIa Model G during tests for heat resistance conducted in 1937360.
By July 1941, the supply of the rubberized364 Kodak blind material was exhausted, and a new black material, made from German parachute cloth (supplied by Elbe-Werken364), was used in all Leica IIIc cameras starting from serial number 379226360. Today, Leica IIIc cameras with red blinds are rare, which is surprising given that nearly fourteen thousand cameras—about half of the wartime production—were fitted with them, even allowing for almost forty years of use360.
Shutter Release Button
The shutter release button had a revolving dot indicating the correct direction to wind the shutter mechanism360. Later models had a wider non-removable release guard57. The collar around the release button remained in place when using a cable release189. This improvement was implemented during wartime before 1946189.
In 1940, starting with serial number 363801, the classic non-return coil spring on the winding shaft was replaced by a pawl and ratchet, a device reminiscent of Barnack's "Null-Serie" cameras, but with quieter operation360. Camera number 374501, produced in 1941, was the first to feature a double-threaded collar around the shutter release button, allowing a cable release to be attached without removing the standard protective collar360.
At the end of 1941, around serial number 380000, the baseplate indentation and catch reverted to the classic round design360. A lock button was added to the slow-speed dial at serial number 380901360. Most importantly, this period marked the introduction of the first Leica IIIcK360 in 1942 cameras364.
Shutter Speed Lever
A slow-speed lock was added at 1/30 seconds during wartime before 1946 to prevent accidental engagement of slower speeds if the dial was inadvertently nudged189.
The top shutter dial was also improved and now could be turned in either direction through the B setting, allowing for quick adjustments to any speed without hitting a stop189 .
Some later Leica IIIc featured self-timer57.
Leica IIIc has a tiny worm-gear adjustment for the shutter curtain tension springs, which allows for an infinite range of easily adjustable settings189.
Exposure Counter
The Leica IIIc boasted an improved exposure counter that was easier to set yet more resistant to being unset during rapid winding189.
Die-cast Frame
Until the introduction of the Leica IIIc, Leica cameras were constructed using thin brass plate stampings, with each part painstakingly hand-assembled and secured with tiny screws189. The lens-to-film distance was individually shimmed and adjusted for each camera, as minor variations in production led to differences between units189. It became evident that the front of these older cameras could bend under the demands of new photojournalism, particularly when using heavier lenses, indicating that the camera's structural integrity was insufficient189. The Leica IIIc (and Leica IIId) were the first two Leicas to use a precision machined188 die-cast and machined aluminum alloy shutter crate along with a heavy machined alloy front plate to prevent bending189 rather than stamped brass100. This improvement greatly enhanced the camera’s performance, benefiting users significantly188. Also, the die-cast frame replaced the assembly of numerous small parts, making production more economical188. The entire assembly was machined with precision, which minimized the need for shimming under the lens flange189. The more weatherproof347 single-piece top cover provided better sealing against dirt and moisture189.
Sharkskin Covering
Many Leica enthusiasts and collectors have observed that cameras in a specific serial number range of postwar Leica IIIc models feature a noticeably different body covering compared to all the other vulcanite coverings used by Leitz up to that time171. As it turns out, in 1948, Leica IIIc cameras (along with the Leica Ic and Leica IIc models) were produced with a rougher "sharkskin" body covering that improved grip360. This finish began with serial number approximately 430000 and continued until late 1949, with the highest recorded serial number being 501476360. The body covering of the last Leica IIIc cameras resembled the pattern that was later used for the Leica IIIf360. Interestingly, many of the "sharkskin" Leicas seem to have a poor chrome finish360.
This material has a grain that seems to be oriented vertically and feels somewhat rough to the touch171. The reason for switching to the sharkskin cover is unclear, but it has been suggested that it was intended to enhance the user's grip on the camera188. While the grip improvement offered by the sharkskin covering is minimal, the "feel" of the camera is noticeably different compared to the earlier coverings188. An alternative consideration might be the quest for a material that is more durable than the pebble grain material188. If this was indeed the case, the search was successful, as the sharkskin covers have demonstrated remarkable durability188. Typically, these covers are found in excellent condition, showing minimal signs of wear, even on heavily used cameras188.
Body Shell Screws
Postwar Leica IIIc also featured the reduction of the body shell screws from five to four188. This marked the beginning of the end for chrome body shell screws on screw-mount cameras188.
Viewfinder
The Leica IIIc model utilized the viewfinder system featuring closely positioned eyepieces189. This design allowed for a longer viewing path due to the prism system, which improved edge sharpness in the viewfinder and provided a clearer idea of the frame's content189. The close-set eyepieces enabled a 1.5x magnification in the rangefinder, ensuring accuracy when using fast and long lenses, while also minimizing parallax between the eyepieces during quick shooting189. The centerlines of the lens and the viewfinder were only slightly more than an inch apart347, leading to a maximum error of just about an inch at the closest focusing distance of one meter189. As a result, the Leica camera was especially easy to focus when using longer lenses such as 85mm, 95mm, and 135mm189. The Leica IIIc featured diopter adjustment lever for the rangefinder eyepiece located at the base of the rewind knob347.
It was reported on October 22, 1941 that Wilhelm Albert developed a variant of Leica IIIa Model G camera with a special "sight" marking (visier, German) inside the viewfinder364. This special marking will later appear inside the viewfinders of thirty special Leica IIIc cameras made for (likely military) order number 25857 in 1941364.
Flash
Adam Wagner and his design team took on the task of equipping the pre-war Leica Ic, IIc, and IIIc cameras with flash synchronization and further developing them in 1947364. If flash photography was desired, the Leica IIIc could be synchronized for flashbulbs using various attachments connected to the speed dial, or by employing the Leitz New York synchronizing baseplate SELIS (model VIIIa) after 1947347. The SELIS was capable of handling a wide range of flashbulbs at all shutter speeds, including a 30th of a second, which was suitable for the new strobe lights that were just beginning to emerge at that time347.
Deliveries
This camera was used by German army during World War II and remained available to the general public after the war171. Due to the circumstances, very few of these cameras were exported to countries that were enemies of Germany188. As a result, most users were not familiar with this latest product from Wetzlar188. Jim Lager has suggested that this wartime secrecy may have contributed to the initial mislabeling of the Leica IIIc samples333. However, as the war progressed and the need for cash grew, the policy of restricting exports outside the Axis countries began to diminish333. Inspection of delivery ledgers preserved at Leica Solms indicates that the Leica IIIc and Leica IIId in the serial number range from 360001 through 390000 were shipped to at least thirty countries outside of Germany between 1940 and 1944262. Author's preliminary research confirms the following delivery destinations for these cameras: Albania, Japan, Austria, Latvia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Manchukuo (Manchuria), Chile, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Gilbert Islands, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Iran, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal (56 cameras333), Romania, Spain (24 cameras333), Sweden (149 cameras333), Switzerland (100+ cameras333), Turkey, and Yugoslavia262. It's certain that many of these cameras were brought back by American military personnel returning home262. It's also known that at least 38 cameras that went to the Spanish Embassy in Berlin, with most of them delivered between April and July 1943333. The serial numbers identified so far are333
|
387031 |
389662 |
389677 |
389702 |
|
387453 |
389663 |
389678 |
389703 |
|
388196 |
389664 |
389679 |
389704 |
|
388197 |
389665 |
389680 |
389705 |
|
388198 |
389666 |
389681 |
389707 |
|
388199 |
389667 |
389682 |
389708 |
|
388200 |
389668 |
389683 |
389709 |
|
389515 |
389669 |
389684 |
389710 |
|
389661 |
389670 |
389685 |
389712 |
|
|
389676 |
|
389716 |
An investigation of delivery records at the Leitz Park Archive reveals information about shipments made to the Leitz Agency Schmidt for Shanghai, China, and Mukden, Manchukuo (Japanese-occupied Manchuria)344. During 1942 and 1943, World War II continued, and Germany and Japan maintained trade relations344. The records indicate shipments of the Leica IIIc with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar (LOOGI), 5cm f/2 Summitar (LOOQA), and 5cm f/1.5 Xenon (LOOSB) lenses344. It is reasonable to assume these shipments were transported by sea—either via surface vessels or submarines—in hopes of evading the Allied blockade344. The Leica cameras likely departed from German-occupied territory, almost certainly from French ports, rounded Africa, crossed the South Atlantic, and continued their perilous journey to Shanghai and Mukden344. The trip undoubtedly took months344. Hundreds of Leica IIIc cameras were dispatched, with serial numbers approximately from 384851 through 386715344. The principal shipment is dated June 24, 1942344. Cameras with serial numbers 384851-384867 (May 15, 1942) may display an asterisk, indicating a second delivery344. Additionally, it's known that forty Leica IIIc cameras with 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses, with serial numbers 385058-385076 and 385078-385098, were sent to Mukden on January 7, 1943344.
Leica IIIc cameras can be found with the letters "N-L" or "S-T" engraved on the top cover, located between the "D.R.P." (Deutsches Reichspatent) and "Ernst Leitz" engravings291. The "S-T" marking stands for "Spécialités Tiranty," indicating official importation by Tiranty, the Leitz agent for France291. On the other hand, the "N-L" marking represents "Netherlands" ("Nederlande"), signifying official importation by Odin, the Leitz agent for the Netherlands291. In a letter received from Odin in 1979, it was confirmed that the "N-L" engraving was performed by Leitz in Wetzlar291. It is highly likely that Leitz also engraved the "S-T" marking291.
Variations
The changes pertain to modifications and variations of Postwar Leica IIIc in four areas188:
- the engraving on the top plate
- the accessory shoe
- the covering of the body shell
- the number of screws used to secure the body shell to the die-cast frame188
The author has confirmed at least five types of postwar Leica IIIc bodies188. These types were identified by assigning the appropriate variation number from the list provided to each camera examined188. This list does not claim to include all possible types; it is entirely possible that more than five types exist based on these variations188. In fact, there are strong indications that an unconfirmed sixth type may also exist188:
- Type 1 had:
- Type 2 had:
- Type 3 had:
- Type 4 had:
- Type 5 had:
The postwar Leica IIIc cameras, starting from serial number 400001, do not feature the distinctive platform below the A-R lever found in earlier models360. They also lack a knob on the diopter adjustment lever and have the baseplate lock instructions engraved in both German and English360. From serial number 425001 (produced in 1948), most parts of the Leica IIIc became interchangeable with those of the Leica IIIf series360. Around serial number 430000 (produced in 1948-1949), a stop pin was added next to the A of the A-R lever360. Some Leica IIIc cameras produced between 1950 and 1951 are equipped with a Leica IIIf Black Dial type frame counter, which has its 'pips' located at the 17 and 37 positions, rather than the traditional 7 and 27360. The last Leica IIIc cameras manufactured (up to serial number 525000 in 1951) were fitted with a key-type baseplate lock360.
Evolution
The following serial numbers mark milestones in the evolution of Leica IIIc cameras60:
- Camera with serial number 362401 - Red shutter blinds have been introduced60.
- Camera with serial number 363801 - The check pawl on the winding shaft replaces the check spring60.
- Camera with serial number 374501 - The shutter release guard has been changed to a non-removable type60.
- Camera with serial number 379226 - Black shutter blinds have replaced the red blinds60.
- Camera with serial number 380901 - Added a slow speed lock at 1/30 of a second setting to the slow shutter speed dial60.
The Leitz Eigentum Leica IIIc
A specific batch of serial numbers ranging from 517404 to 517436 was designated for a special model of the Leica IIIc, known as the Leitz Eigentum ('Leitz property') Leica IIIc360. These cameras were lent to select clients and institutions as temporary replacements for cameras undergoing repairs360.
Notably, there is a gap in the Hahne list between serial numbers 517400 (produced between 1948 and 1950) and 517526 (produced in 1956)360. Although this batch includes a total of thirty-two cameras, factory records indicate that only eleven were actually issued: 517404; 517408; 517411 to 517413; 517422; 517427 to 517430; and 517436360.
Author believes these post-war Leica IIIc cameras were originally unsold units that were subsequently fitted with the latest technical innovations for loan purposes360. The Leitz Eigentum Leica IIIc features a non-raised platform design, a Leica IIIf Black Dial synchronization plate, a PC flash socket, and does not include a delayed action mechanism (self-timer)360. Considering these mechanical updates, along with the nearby batches of serial numbers, it is reasonable to date this camera to approximately 1950-1952, aligning with the production period of the IIIf Black Dial model360.
The Leitz Eigentum Leica IIIc features a black finish, with the engraving filled in white paint360. Some examples are equipped with a 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lens marked 'Leitz Eigentum'360.
Comparison to Other Models
There is some uncertainty regarding the nomenclature of the Leica IIIc and Leica IIId cameras360. The Leica IIId was released first, bearing the serial number 360002 in 1939, while the Leica IIIc followed closely at serial number 360175 in the same year360. Both models feature an internal die-cast structure and include provisions for a delayed-action mechanism; however, only the Leica IIId actually comes equipped with this feature360. It remains unclear whether the Leica IIIc was intended as a lower-priced option or if the delayed-action mechanism was deemed unreliable or unpopular360.
The post-war Leica IIIc, beginning with serial number 400001, while outwardly similar to the wartime model, is not mechanically interchangeable with it360. Instead, it shares compatibility with the later Leica IIIf series, starting from serial number 425001360.
Gifts and Special Editions
In 1946, Dr. Wilhelm Schneider was awarded a Leica IIIc with serial number 400000 to replace his lost Leica IIIb, which had the serial number 35000048.
The Wartime Leica IIIc camera with the serial number 375000 was once owned by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel157. Leitz presented this camera to Rommel in 1943157. Interestingly, when the first camera was lost en route to Africa, they presented him with a second camera bearing the same serial number157. This makes it one of the rarest Military Leicas in existence157.
Leica IIIc with serial number 450000 was produced as a presentation camera188 was presented to Richard Schirrmann, founder of German youth hostel system, in 1949258.
Leica IIIc with serial number 500000 was presented to Ernst Leitz II in 1950243.
Deliveries
In 1940, there were 7781 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 360085 through 368243364. In 1941, there were 13152 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 368201 through 381825364. In 1942, there were 6683 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 381826 through 388825364. In 1943, there were 1665 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 385401 through 391472364. In 1944, there were 444 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 385511 through 391699364. In 1945, there were 6612 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 390526 through 397607364. In 1946, there were 20001 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 400000 through 420000364. In 1948, there were 77401 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 420001 through 517400364. In 1950, there were 2475 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 517526 through 520000364. In 1951, there were 1000 Leica IIIc cameras delivered, with serial numbers from 524001 through 525000364.
Closing Remarks
The Leica IIIc was produced until 1951, when it was replaced by the Leica IIIf171. The total production of Leica IIIc cameras was 137214364.
____________________________
Military
Variations of the Luftwaffen Leica IIIc cameras
Jim Lager's research as of mid-1980 has revealed various "versions" of the Luftwaffen Leica IIIc cameras104:
- Chrome Leica IIIc with old style Luftwaffen-Eigentum engraving104
- Chrome Leica IIIc with new style Luftwaffen-Eigentum engraving104
- Chrome Leica IIIcK104
- Chrome Leica IIIc with Luftwaffen-Eigentum engraving on vulcanite104
- Grey Leica IIIc104
- Grey Leica IIIcK104
- Panoramic Cameras - During World War II, two variations of the Leica IIIc were utilized as panoramic cameras, identified as E1 and E2280. The E2 version was based on the grey Leica IIIcK and was engraved with W.H. or WH280.
Leica IIIcK
Although the year 1942 is commonly cited as the date for the introduction of the Leica IIIcK camera, production of two batches—totaling 60 ball-bearing Leica IIIc cameras—actually began in September 1941360. Another sources indicates that in 1942 Leitz produced 60 Leica IIIc cameras for the army364. These cameras (starting with serial number 387101360) had ball bearings and were designed to withstand temperatures of -45°C364. Some of these cameras were delivered in advance and reportedly still fired at -50°C364. The ball-bearing (Kugellager) cameras typically had a capital letter "K" engraved after the serial number, and a large white (or rarely red) "K" was printed on the second shutter blind360. Typically, K cameras are identified by a factory-engraved 'K' following the serial number and a stencilled 'K' on the first shutter blind, which becomes visible after the shutter is wound230. Only the Leica IIIc has the letter "K" engraved on the top plate and/or stamped on the first shutter curtain52. Typically, the "K" appears in both locations; however, there are instances where it is found only on the first shutter curtain52. Occasionally, a camera may have the "K" only on the top cover without it being stamped on the first shutter curtain52. In such cases, it can be assumed that the original "K"-stamped curtain has been replaced52. There has been extensive discussion regarding these shutters, some of which can be confusing and occasionally contradictory230. This includes debates over whether the shutters are half-raced or fully raced, the presence of a "K" or no "K" marking, and which features of the Leica IIIcK were carried over into the post-war Leica IIIc and Leica IIIf cameras230. Additional insights into the K cameras come from noted Leica repairman Don Goldberg, who mentions that some, but not all, of these bodies are equipped with ball bearings on the wind or rewind knob shafts—or both230. He noted, "I'm not sure how they functioned at 30 below, but at room temperature, winding and rewinding are noticeably rougher than with non-K cameras."230 It is likely that the Leica IIIcK models were fully ball-raced to withstand extreme temperature stresses while still operating smoothly, as mentioned earlier230. The use of ball bearings in the shutter offers several advantages, including enhanced shutter accuracy under normal conditions, an extended shutter lifespan, and a reduced need for servicing230. However, it is uncertain whether there was ever an intention to ball race the shutters of other wartime Leica IIIc models230. At least some of the very late versions appear to have been single-raced230. When the Leica IIIc was redesigned after the war, only the ball racing of the second blind was retained230. The reasons for this decision remain unclear: was it due to economic factors, the availability of precision bearings, or perhaps something related to shutter physics?230 Specifically, since the first blind experiences higher spring tension than the second blind, ball racing its bearings may have less impact during normal use compared to doing the same for the second blind230. Officially, production of the Leica IIIcK cameras concluded in 1945, with the final serial number being approximately 392000360. However, it is possible that a few isolated cameras were produced afterward360. Estimates of the total number of Leica IIIcK cameras made range from a minimum of 2700 to a maximum of 5000360.
The letter "K" also appeared after the serial number on some grey and chrome Leica motors for the Leica IIIc52. The first motor with this marking was delivered on May 29, 194252. This date is noted in the assembly foreman's notebook, which was recorded eight months after the previously mentioned entries52. It is the first instance where the term "kaltefest" (cold-proof) is actually used52.
At approximately serial number 392000 (produced in 1945) a hybrid variant of the Leica IIIcK appeared, only partially equipped with ball-bearings360. These examples, known to the cognoscenti as 'half-race' cameras, set the pattern for later Leica IIIc and also the Leica IIIf cameras360. Two final serial numbers of the 'half-race' cameras appear in various Leitz records-namely 697607 and 697650360.
1943 marked the last year when Leica IIIcK cameras were delivered, with only 17 cameras delivered that year364.
Military Deliveries - During the World War II
Many grey Leica IIIc and Leica IIIcK cameras were supplied to the military purchasing office of the German forces in Berlin360. As noted previously, military identification marks were engraved on these cameras360. Each camera was first engraved with a contract number, often beginning with "FL 38078."360 Following this, one of several identification marks was engraved, depending on which military branch the batch was designated for: Heer (Army), Artl (Artillery), M (Marine or Navy), Luftwaffen Eigentum (Air Force Property), or W. Haven (referring to Wilhelmshaven, the naval base)360. Eagles and swastikas were also used as part of the markings360. These engravings typically appeared on the top plate, though they could sometimes be found stamped into the vulcanite body covering360.
Most of these cameras were intended for standard military formations360. However, there were occasions when units engaged in special operations required specially prepared cameras360. One example is a Leica IIIcK that was part of a small batch for a paratroop operation, which is notable for the lack of any special markings360.
It is quite challenging to find service models of the Leica IIIc and Leica IIIcK that are in good condition360. Many specimens were sold off after the war, and new owners often obliterated the service markings360.
The military deliveries of Leica IIIc cameras were as follows:
- 216 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with 5cm f/2 Summar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1940364.
- 75 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1940364.
- 628 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with various lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1940364.
- 848 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1941364.
- 179 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with various lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1941364.
- 87 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
- 77 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
- 119 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
- 46 chrome-plated Leica IIIc cameras with 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
- 3 black Leica IIIc cameras with various lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
- 129 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with coated 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1943364.
- 17 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1943364.
- 97 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with coated 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1943364.
- 45 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with various lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1943364.
- 24 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1944364.
- 100 gray (feldgrau) Leica IIIc cameras with coated 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1943364.
The military deliveries of Leica IIIcK cameras were as follows:
- 50 chrome-plated Leica IIIcK cameras with 5cm f/2 Summitar lenses were delivered to Luftwaffe in 1942364.
Military Deliveries - After the World War II
In the three weeks following the German capitulation on May 7, 1945, at least 45 deliveries were recorded, with some destined for individual U.S. Army officers267. Among these deliveries were approximately 527 the grey-painted Leica IIIcK models272. These cameras have specific code identifications267:
- LOOGI (IIIc with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lens (ELMAR)) code was used before June/July 1945267
- LOOQA (IIIc with 50mm f/2 Summitar lens (SOORE)) codewas used before June/July 1945267
- LOOPN (IIIc with 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lens (ELMAR)) code was used after June/July 1945267
- LOOKX (IIIc with 50mm f/2 Summitar lens (SOORE)) code was used after June/July 1945267
Below is the list of known cameras that were delivered to the U.S. Army personnel from sergeants to generals in the period from May 1945 to February 1946 following formal surrender of Germany on May 7, 1945272:
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390080272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390103272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390181272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390185272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390200272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390250272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390256272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390316272
- Grey-painted IIIcK camera with serial number 390440272
- 10 Grey-painted IIIcK cameras with serial numbers from 390451 through 390460272
- 5 Grey-painted IIIcK cameras with serial numbers from 390467 through 390471272
- 27 Grey-painted IIIcK cameras with serial numbers from 390473 through 390499272
- 475 Grey-painted IIIcK cameras with serial numbers from 390526 through 391000272
Selected known Leica IIIc cameras
Below is the list of some known military Leica IIIc cameras and some facts about them:
- Leica IIIc camera with serial number 361528 dating year 1940 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Heavy, bold letters on vulcanite225.
- Leica IIIc camera with serial number 361710 dating year 1940 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Stylized font engraved on top cover225.
- Leica IIIc camera with serial number 364064 dating year 1940 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Stylized font, but Fl. No. 38079 is traditional225.
- Leica IIIc camera with serial number 365740 dating year 1940 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Fl. No. 38079 in stylized font225.
- Between May and November 1945, Leica IIIc cameras with serial numbers ranging from 367325 to 367500 were delivered to the U.S. Army267. Additionally, two cameras from this batch were likely sold to non-military customers in February and July 1946267.
- Additional materials located in the Ernst Leitz Wetzlar archives indicate that thirty Leica IIIc cameras with serial numbers ranging from 381051 to 381080 were prepared in 1941 with a special modification to the film gate280. This modification includes fiducial points that protrude into the film area at both the top and bottom of the frame280. Delivery records confirm that these thirty Leica IIIc cameras were shipped to Berlin on September 16, 1941, under shipment number 25857280. The entry is noted as "LOOGI WH," referring to the IIIc model with a 50mm (5cm) f/3.5 Elmar lens280. The designation "WH" unequivocally stands for "Wehrmacht Heer," which means "armed forces army"280.
- Cameras with serial numbers 381060 contain the modified film gate280. Although the triple prongs have been broken off, they would have originally projected into the film area when unaltered280.
- In July 1991, Christie's auctioned a chrome Leica IIIc with serial number 381063, which was conspicuously engraved with "WH" on the rear of the top cover280.
- Leica IIIc camera with serial number 381615 dating year 1941 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Traditional font engraved on top cover225.
- Leica IIIcK in chrome camera with serial number 387103K dating year 1942 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Traditional font engraved on top cover225.
- Leica IIIc in grey colour camera with serial number 388012 dating year 1942 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Traditional font engraved on top cover225.
- Leica IIIcK in grey colour camera with serial number 389079K dating year 1942 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Traditional font engraved on top cover225.
- Leica IIIcK in grey colour camera with serial number 389837K dating year 1943 with "Fl. No. 38079" engraving had "Luftwaffen-Eigentum" marking in the following style: Traditional font engraved on top cover225. Shows evidence of paint overlay225.